从后置规范到前置治理：关键技术领域标准先行的制度逻辑

摘要：

【目的】传统的标准后置规范模式难以适应关键技术领域系统日益复杂、主体日趋多元与规则竞争前置化的趋势，有必要在该领域探讨论证标准先行的制度逻辑、现实障碍及完善方向。【方法】通过梳理后置标准观的形成基础及其在关键技术领域的局限，阐释标准先行作为前置性协调机制的功能逻辑，并结合我国标准化实践考察其观念、能力与机制障碍。【结果】标准先行并非脱离产业基础的人为超前制定标准，而是通过标准预研、架构设计、测试验证和国际布局，将标准化提前嵌入技术研发、产业组织与规则竞争过程。标准先行有助于发挥技术预协调、产业组织协同和规则竞争引导等作用，但我国仍存在标准功能的认识偏向后置化、前瞻性与架构性标准供给不足、标准化与科研创新和产业发展衔接不畅等问题。【结论】应在关键技术领域及时推动标准由成果性规范转向前置治理工具，完善标准预研、测试验证以及动态评估等产业结合机制，构建标准战略、科研体系与知识产权布局一体化发展路径，并同步增强国际标准参与和规则塑造能力，以标准前置化支撑新质生产力培育与国际竞争优势形成。

Abstract:

[Objective] Traditional ex post standardization models are increasingly inadequate for key technology fields characterized by complex systems, diverse actors, and the front-loading of rule-based competition. This study examines the institutional logic, practical constraints, and improvement pathways of prior standardization in such fields. [Methods] By reviewing the foundations of the traditional ex post view of standards and its limitations in key technology fields, this paper elucidates the functional logic of prior standardization as a mechanism of ex ante coordination. It further examines conceptual, capacity-related, and institutional obstacles in China’s standardization practice. [Results] Prior standardization does not mean artificially formulating standards ahead of industrial foundations. Instead, it embeds standardization into the whole process of technological R&D, industrial organization, and rule competition in advance through standard pre-research, architecture design, testing and verification, and international engagement. Prior standardization facilitates functions including technical precoordination, industrial organization, and rule-based competition. Nevertheless, China still faces prominent challenges: a biased ex post-oriented understanding of standard functions, insufficient supply of forward-looking and architectural standards, and inadequate linkages between standardization, scientific and technological innovation, and industrial development. [Conclusion] In key technology fields, standards should be timely transformed from outcome-oriented norms into ex ante governance instruments. It is essential to improve industryintegrated mechanisms covering standard pre-research, testing & verification, and dynamic evaluation, build an integrated development framework unifying standard strategy, scientific research systems, and intellectual property arrangements, and simultaneously strengthen capacity for participating in international standard-setting and ruleshaping. These measures would enable ex ante standardization to support the cultivation of new quality productive forces and the construction of international competitive advantages.

引用格式：郑文龙. 从后置规范到前置治理：关键技术领域标准先行的制度逻辑[J]. 标准化学报，2026(11): 6-16.

基金项目：本文受国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国深度参与全球数据知识产权治理的机制、路径与政策研究”（项目编号：25AZD042）资助。

作者简介：郑文龙，博士研究生，研究方向为国际法、科技法。