中外饮用水水质标准的特色差异与本土化启示

摘要：

【目的】进一步完善我国饮用水水质标准体系、提升饮用水安全保障能力，为标准的本土化优化提供科学参考。【方法】以全球饮用水水质标准为研究对象，系统梳理美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家和地区及中国、伊朗、印度等发展中国家饮用水标准的建设历程、指标体系与管控特色，从指标数量、分类逻辑、污染物覆盖范围及浓度限值等维度，重点对比分析微生物、毒理性指标、消毒剂及消毒副产物等关键指标的中外差异，并剖析造成差异的国情、技术等深层原因。【结果】各国饮用水水质标准的制定均与本国国情、产业发展、水资源特征及公共卫生需求深度绑定，发达国家标准呈现法律支撑完善、动态更新及时、风险评估科学、管控全程化的特征，发展中国家则突出国情适配、分级管控、基础安全优先的特点；我国现行标准指标体系系统全面，部分指标限值与发达国家相当甚至更严格，同时兼顾地区污染差异，但在新兴污染物前瞻性管控、标准动态更新机制等方面仍有完善空间。【结论】我国应借鉴国际先进经验，结合本土水质污染特征与管理需求，健全标准动态更新与风险预警长效机制，强化微塑料、全氟和多氟烷基物质等新兴污染物管控，完善全国饮用水污染物监测网络，构建安全、优质、适配国情的饮用水安全保障体系。

Abstract:

[Objective] This study is intended to further improve China’s drinking water quality standards system, enhance the capacity for drinking water safety assurance, and provide scientifi c reference for the localized optimization of such standards. [Methods] Taking global drinking water quality standards as the research object, this paper systematically summarizes the development history, indicator systems and regulatory characteristics of drinking water standards in developed countries and regions, including the United States, the European Union and Japan, as well as in developing countries such as China, Iran and India. From the dimensions of indicator quantity, classifi cation logic, pollutant coverage and concentration limits, it focuses on a comparative analysis of the Sino-foreign differences in key indicators including microbiological indicators, toxicological indicators, disinfectants and disinfection by-products, and further analyzes the underlying causes of such differences such as national conditions and technical levels. [Results] The development of drinking water quality standards in different countries is closely bound to their respective national conditions, industrial development, water resource characteristics and public health demands. Standards in developed countries are characterized by sound legal support, timely dynamic updates, scientific risk assessment and full-process regulation, while those in developing countries highlight the features of national condition adaptation, hierarchical regulation and priority to basic safety. China’s current standard indicator system is systematic and comprehensive, with the limits of some indicators being equivalent to or even stricter than those of developed countries, and it also takes into account regional differences in pollution. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement in the prospective regulation of emerging pollutants and the dynamic update mechanism of standards. [Conclusion] China should draw on advanced international experience, and in combination with the characteristics of local water pollution and management demands, improve the long-term mechanism for dynamic standard updates and risk early warning, strengthen the regulation of emerging pollutants such as microplastics and per- and polyfl uoroalkyl substances (PFAS), perfect the national monitoring network for drinking water pollutants, and establish a safer, higher-quality drinking water safety assurance system adapted to national conditions.

引用格式：刘俊杰，陈迅，黄蕾，等. 中外饮用水水质标准的特色差异与本土化启示[J]. 标准化学报，2026 (7)：116-125.

基金项目：本文受“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目“住房质量和品质提升关键技术研究与示范”（项目编号：2024YFC3810400）资助。

作者简介：刘俊杰，硕士，工程师，研究方向建筑与土木工程标准化。陈迅，通信作者，硕士，高级工程师，研究方向水污染处理与土壤污染防控。